Gestalt combinations as vegan/vegetarian meat substitutes.

I find no single vegetarian or vegan food on its own comes close to meat for its multiple pleasurable qualities. I find I need a combination of at least five different types of food mixed together to equal or even surpass the extremely complex experience of meat.

So far I've found I need a nut, a fruit, a root crop (or similar above ground substantial, satisfying crop such as pumpkin) a mushroom and a bean of some sort are necessary chopped up and fried together as one. For me frying is essential to get the sumptuous of meat, perhaps because cooking oil resembles animal fat. A bit of hot chili often as well. Together they form a whole greater than the sum of its parts (a gestalt). 

I always combine this with uncooked salad and mix that up with it. A sauce such as caramelized onion briefly fried with it just before serving tends to complete it. Small quantities of cheese if acceptable, not essential.

I find this no different to doing a painting, you go by feel: this goes well with that, a little too much here, a little more there, somethings missing here, this should balance that out.

I am not entirely sure why I think each type contributes some aspect of meat. Mushrooms seem luscious like meat, nuts rich, beans satisfying, chili intense, root crops substantial, fruit fleshy in texture. I just know they work together to equal or even surpass meat for me.

Aloe arborescens flower stem edibility

 

In addition to the edible uses for Aloe arborescens listed on the Plants for a Future website

 https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+arborescens

I find if you peel off the mature or immature flowers the remaining stem is edible, pleasantly crunchy, a bit like water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) in texture, free of fibers and only slightly bitter. I also regard the immature flowers as edible, like the flowers of several other Aloes, they are essentially tasteless. I think the mature flowers are non-toxic but they have small fiddly inedible bits that are annoying and have to be removed from the mouth by hand so only of survival value.  

Scientific concerns have been raised about long term heavy ingestion of parts of this plant so moderation wise.  

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6349368/

It is also worth noting the only edible use for it in its native Africa is sucking the nectar.  

Aloe arborescens is a fairly common "weed" here in New Zealand.  

Solar Dishes to Evaporate Wellington Municipal Wastewater

Wellington City Council are looking at 1.8 billion to upgrade our antiquated wastewater/sewerage system (1). 

More crippling rates for everyone.

I am not an expert in parabolic solar dishes but the technology is very simple in principle so I am going to make a suggestion.

I wonder if large solar dishes could be used on individual properties, or shared by neighborhoods, to evaporate wastewater by boiling it with concentrated sunlight, instead of spending billions on underground pipes. This would require very little power, mainly pumping of water, which could possibly be done with windmills.  

The water could be allowed to escape into the atmosphere, perhaps speeding up cloud formation, which may slow global warming due to increased cloud cover reflecting sunlight back into space. Or perhaps water could be captured and recycled locally as it will have been effectively distilled.  

Solid waste would have to be filtered somehow and/ or a composting toilet could be integrated with the system, the main concern here is how to get rid of the great volume of waste liquid most households produce.

I expect this would be a lot cheaper than new pipes if it could work. Perhaps individuals or streets that do it on their own initiative could get a rates reduction for reducing strain on the sewer system, or refuse to pay some of their rates. 

It seems likely WCC consultants have not considered this due to professional bias.

Feel free to comment/refute below, especially if you (think you) have expertise in the area. 

I have shared this idea with the Wellington City Council, no reply so far.

Reference.

1) https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/509817/almost-half-of-wellington-wastewater-pipes-poor-or-very-poor

Bromeliad flower stem as food

 

I find the peeled lower part of the immature flower stem of the epiphytic bromeliad Aechmea distichantha glaziovii is good to eat, white, free of fibers, of good texture and inoffensive in flavor, so I regard it as edible. A bit like bamboo shoots.

It seems to be the consensus online that the only known toxicity in bromeliads is the unripe fruit of pineapple. 

I have not tried this with any other bromeliad yet, but will. 

The only record I cold find of a similar use in a bromeliad is the young inflorescence of Bromelia pinquin, which is used as a vegetable in Puerto Rico (ref: Bromeliads: Edible & Therapeutic by Michael Spencer).

I find Aechmea distichantha glaziovii grows okay outside here in Wellington, New Zealand, but it does not seem to get hot enough for it to produce the edible fruit.  

I have tried many edible epiphytes in temperate Wellington, thinking they might be a good way to get a harvest from a niche not often used, (attached to) the sides of a house. 

I've tried orchids, cacti, bromeliads, Astelia, ferns, Vaccinium, although most survive and look good, so far most have produced little or no harvest, probably because most are really suited to warmer climates in the case of cacti and bromeliads and dry winters in the case of orchids. The occasional mucilaginous flowers of Epiphyllum probably the most productive so far.  Astelia "widow maker" kept growing too big and heavy for its supports, should have seen that coming. Summers were too dry for Vaccinium delavayi. It also seems improbable anything growing without much soil could be highly productive. I have not tried Monstera as an air plant, probably the epiphyte with the "best" or most commercial crop, which is reasonably productive in Wellington. I worry the roots could damage a house.           

   

Eating Taro spadix

 

It appears the spadix of taro, Colocasia esculenta, is rarely eaten. But the book Cornucopia II by Facciola (1998) says the spadix (phallic looking bit in middle of the flower) was roasted with pork or fish in Japan as a delicacy. I could only find one online paper reporting its use as food, in Dali, China, it is deep fried then stewed or stir fried with pork and chili peppers (The Diversity of Edible Flowers and its Biocultural Role in Local Food Systems in Dali, South West China. Zhang et al 2025).

I decided to try the spadix of the variety Black Magic that had produced flowers in an outdoor water tub in Wellington, New Zealand.  

I chewed and spat out a bit raw, as expected it produce the sensation of burning needles in the mouth due to toxic calcium oxalate crystals common in aroids. So I boiled it for an hour with two changes of water, I then found it bland in flavor but with an interesting creamy texture. There was still a very slight numbing and tingling, perhaps that is what they like about it in Dali and Japan, like the numbing and tingling enjoyed when eating the puffer fish in Japan, due to traces of toxin almost entirely eliminated through cooking. Combined with the heat of chili peppers, as in Dali, the cooked spadix would be rather intense and unique. 

Apparently lengthy cooking does not completely remove toxic calcium oxalate crystals in taro, corms included. The idea is to reduce it to a basically harmless dose. But people with kidney problems and rheumatoid arthritis are best to avoid taro and other aroids unless they are fermented, which is the only way to completely eliminate the crystals (Discovering Vegetables and Herbs and Spices. Susanna Lyle. 2009.)

Rhaphiolepis umbellata seeds edible

 

According to Tanaka's Cyclopedia of Edible Plants of the World 1976, the seeds of Rhaphiolepis umbellata are crushed, ground into flour and made into dumplings in times of famine (spelt Raphiolepis in the text). 

I tried some seeds, with thin flesh still on. Raw they are really too hard to eat, but after brief boiling they become soft enough to eat. They are similar to a peanut in texture, slightly crunchy and firm. The taste is bland, a bit nutty. Not delicious but not bad. Skin can be removed easily after boiling. There were sometimes a few annoying little basically inedible bits left in the mouth after swallowing, from some part of the skin or stem perhaps. 

Perhaps worth including in a coastal edible garden, mainly as shelter for less tough crops with bonus of passable snack or something to add bulk to a stir fry or dumpling. 

It grows wild here in New Zealand, I gathered these seeds from a wild plant near the sea. 

  

Canna x generalis stem pith edibility

 

I find the peeled young stem pith of Canna x generalis is edible and good to eat. Crisp and crunchy like water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), of reasonable size, with little to no flavor but pleasant and refreshing. 

The inner youngish stem pith is fiber free and white, you really need to cut away the outer fibrous layers, it is not visually obvious where the fibers start and stop. Probably best raw or very briefly fried, boiling does not really add anything. 

Productivity is pretty good.

It seems a little strange there seems to be no record of the stem pith of any Canna being eaten by humans, unless references to the shoots being edible mean this, more likely they refer to the very young leaves. I can find no record of toxicity in Canna. The roots, seeds and and shoots of some species are well known as food.

I have not tried any other Canna stem pith yet, some at least are likely to be similar.  

Boiled they turn green

(At least some) Dianella nigra berries not bad to eat

There are several unreferenced sources online saying Dianella nigra berries are toxic to humans despite being popular with birds. According to the book "The Poisonous Plants in New Zealand", by Connor, the berries were suspected of causing the death of a child in the nineteenth century but there was no evidence the berries were the cause. This is probably the origin of the unlikely theory they are toxic. Connor goes on to say there is no evidence they are toxic.

Low (1) says all (Australian) Dianella that taste good are safe to eat in small amounts, he does not actually say large amounts are harmful, he may just be playing it safe.

 

I have been eating the purple berries of what I'm pretty certain is Dianella nigra planted at the parking lot of Appleton Park, Karori, Wellington, New Zealand. They are rather insipid, but of good juicy texture and the seeds have a crunch. I find them reasonably good if you count the interesting color, acceptable added to a salad, more of a small vegetable than a fruit as they are not sweet. I think worth having in the garden as a salad backup, especially for a shady spot. Left to dry and shrivel they resemble raisons in texture. I think one of the better native berries to eat, admittedly that's not saying much.

Interesting Crowe (2) says they are not known to be toxic but are unpleasantly bitter, I did not find them to be bitter at all. Perhaps I have been eating an edible Australian Dianella but this seems unlikely (see photos of what I've been eating below). 

It seems more likely there is variation in taste of berries, recently Dianella nigra was divided into three distinct species that can interbreed (3), Crowe may have sampled a different species or strain to me, the berries can vary in colour so variation in taste seems possible.    

 

References.

1 Wild Food Plants of Australia. T Low.

2) A Field Guide to the Edible Native Plants of New Zealand. A Crowe 

3)  https://www.oratianatives.co.nz/catalogue_extras.php?article_id=215&catalogue_id=305